Introduction to Descriptive Summary in R
Statistics is a study of data: describing properties of data (descriptive statistics) and drawing conclusions about a population based on information in a sample (inferential statistics). In this article, we will discuss the computation of descriptive summary in R (Descriptive statistics in R Programming).
Table of Contents
Example: Twenty elementary school children were asked if they live with both parents (B), father only (F), mother only (M), or someone else (S) and how many brothers has he. The responses of the children are as follows:
| Case | Sex | No. of His Brothers | Case | Sex | No. of His Brothers | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | Female | 3 | B | Male | 2 | |
| B | Female | 2 | F | Male | 1 | |
| B | Female | 3 | B | Male | 0 | |
| M | Female | 4 | M | Male | 0 | |
| F | Male | 3 | M | Male | 3 | |
| S | Male | 1 | B | Female | 4 | |
| B | Male | 2 | B | Female | 3 | |
| M | Male | 2 | F | Male | 2 | |
| F | Female | 4 | B | Female | 1 | |
| B | Female | 3 | M | Female | 2 |
Consider the following computation is required. These computations are related to the Descriptive summary in R.
- Construct a frequency distribution table in r relative to the case of each one.
- Draw a bar and pie graphs of the frequency distribution for each category using the R code.
Creating the Frequency Table in R
# Enter the data in the vector form
x <- c("M", "B", "B", "M", "F", "S", "B", "M", "F", "B", "B", "F", "B", "M", "M", "B", "B", "F", "B", "M")
# Creating the frequency table use Table command
tabx=table(x) ; tabx
# Output
x
B F M S
9 4 6 1 Draw a Bar Chart and Pie Chart from the Frequency Table
# Drawing the bar chart for the resulting table in Green color with main title, x label and y label barplot(tabx, xlab = "x", ylab = "Frequency", main = "Sample of Twenty elementary school children ",col = "Green") # Drawing the pie chart for the resulting table with main title. pie(tabx, main = "Sample of Twenty elementary school children ")
Descriptive Statistics for Air Quality Data
Consider the air quality data for computing numerical and graphical descriptive summary in R. The air quality data already exists in the R Datasets package.
attach(airquality)
# To choose the temperature degree only Temperature = airquality[, 4] hist(Temperature) hist(Temperature, main="Maximum daily temperature at La Guardia Airport", xlab="Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit", xlim = c(50, 100), col="darkmagenta", freq=T) h <- hist(Temperature, ylim = c(0,40)) text(h$mids, h$counts, labels=h$counts, adj=c(0.5, -0.5))
In the above histogram, the frequency of each bar is drawn at the top of each bar by using the text() function.
Note that to change the number of classes or the interval, we should use the sequence function to divide the $range$, $Max$, and $Min$, into $n$ using the function length.out=n+1
hist(Temperature, breaks = seq(min(Temperature), max(Temperature), length.out = 7))
Median for Ungrouped Data
Numeric descriptive statistics such as median, mean, mode, and other summary statistics can be computed.
median(Temperature) ## Output 79 mean(Temperature) summary(Temperature)
A customized function for the computation of the median can be created. For example
arithmetic.median <- function(xx){
modulo <- length(xx) %% 2
if (modulo == 0){
(sort(xx)[ceiling(length(xx)/2)] + sort(xx)[ceiling(1+length(xx)/2)])/2
} else{
sort(xx)[ceiling(length(xx)/2)]
}
}
arithmetic.median(Temperature)Computing Quartiles and IQR
The quantiles (Quartiles, Deciles, and Percentiles) can be computed using the function quantile() in R. The interquartile range (IQR) can also be computed using the iqr() function.
y = airquality[, 4] # temperature variable quantile(y) quantile(y, probs = c(0.25,0.5,0.75)) quantile(y, probs = c(0.30,0.50,0.70,0.90)) IQR(y)
One can create a custom function for the computation of Quartiles and IQR. For example,
quart<- function(x) {
x <- sort(x)
n <- length(x)
m <- (n+1)/2
if (floor(m) != m) {
l <- m-1/2; u <- m+1/2
} else {
l <- m-1; u <- m+1
}
c(Q1 = median(x[1:l]),
Q3 = median(x[u:n]),
IQR = median(x[u:n])-median(x[1:l]))
}
quart(y)FAQs in R Language
- How one can perform descriptive statistics in R Language?
- Discuss the strategy of creating a frequency table in R.
- How Pie Charts and Bar Charts can be drawn in R Language? Discuss the commands and important arguments.
- What default function is used to compute the quartiles of a data set?
- You are interested in computing the median for group and ungroup data in R. Write a customized R function.
- Create a User-Defined function that can compute, Quaritles and IQR of the inputted data set.
