Statistical Models in R Language

R language provides an interlocking suite of facilities that make fitting statistical models very simple. The output from statistical models in R language is minimal and one needs to ask for the details by calling extractor functions.

Defining Statistical Models in R Language

The template for a statistical model is a linear regression model with independent, heteroscedastic errors, that is
$$\sum_{j=0}^p \beta_j x_{ij}+ e_i, \quad e_i \sim NID(0, \sigma^2), \quad i=1,2,\dots, n, j=1,2,\cdots, p$$

In matrix form, the statistical model can be written as

$$y=X\beta+e$$

where the $y$ is the dependent (response) variable, $X$ is the model matrix or design matrix (matrix of regressors), and has columns $x_0, x_1, \cdots, x_p$, the determining variables with intercept term. Usually, $x_0$ is a column of ones defining an intercept term in the statistical model.

Statistical Model Examples

Suppose $y, x, x_0, x_1, x_2, \cdots$ are numeric variables, $X$ is a matrix. Following are some examples that specify statistical models in R.

  • y ~ x    or   y ~ 1 + x
    Both examples imply the same simple linear regression model of $y$ on $x$. The first formulae have an implicit intercept term and the second formulae have an explicit intercept term.
  • y ~ 0 + x  or  y ~ -1 + x  or y ~ x – 1
    All these imply the same simple linear regression model of $y$ on $x$ through the origin, without an intercept term.
  • log(y) ~ x1 + x2
    Imply multiple regression of the transformed variable, $(log(y)$ on $x_1$ and $x_2$ with an implicit intercept term.
  • y ~ poly(x , 2)  or  y ~ 1 + x + I(x, 2)
    Imply a polynomial regression model of $y$ on $x$ of degree 2 (second-degree polynomials) and the second formulae use explicit powers as a basis.
  • y~ X + poly(x, 2)
    Multiple regression $y$ with a model matrix consisting of the design matrix $X$ as well as polynomial terms in $x$ to degree 2.

Note that the operator ~ defines a model formula in R language. The form of an ordinary linear regression model is, $response\,\, ~ \,\, op_1\,\, term_1\,\, op_2\,\, term_2\,\, op_3\,\, term_3\,\, \cdots $,

where

  • The response is a vector or matrix defining the response (dependent) variable(s).
  • $op_i$ is an operator, either + or -, implying the inclusion or exclusion of a term in the model. The + operator is optional.
  • $term_i$ is either a matrix or vector or 1. It may be a factor or a formula expression consisting of factors, vectors, or matrices connected by formula operators.
Statistical Models in R Language

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